What is Lymphomas?

Lymphomas are a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, which is a part of the body's immune system. The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and bone marrow, among other components. Lymphomas develop when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow abnormally and uncontrollably.

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There are two main types of lymphoma:

1. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL): Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, large abnormal cells found within the lymph nodes. HL typically starts in a single lymph node or a group of lymph nodes and may spread to adjacent lymph nodes or other organs if left untreated. It is often diagnosed at an earlier stage and tends to have a more predictable pattern of spread.

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2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a diverse group of lymphomas that do not contain Reed-Sternberg cells. NHL can originate from various types of lymphocytes and may involve lymph nodes or other lymphatic tissues, such as the spleen or bone marrow. NHL encompasses a wide range of subtypes, each with its own characteristics and behaviour.

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The exact cause of lymphomas is not fully understood, but several factors may increase the risk of developing these cancers, including:

- Weakened immune system: Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or who have undergone organ transplantation, are at higher risk.
- Infections: Certain viral infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, are associated with an increased risk of lymphoma.
- Age: The risk of lymphoma increases with age, with most cases diagnosed in individuals over the age of 60.
- Family history: Having a first-degree relative with lymphoma or certain genetic syndromes may increase the risk.
- Environmental factors: Exposure to certain chemicals, pesticides, or radiation may increase the risk of lymphoma.

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Symptoms of lymphoma may include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, itching, and painless lumps under the skin.

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Treatment for lymphoma depends on the type, stage, and aggressiveness of the cancer, as well as the individual's overall health and preferences. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential for improving outcomes in lymphoma.